No End in Sight For Falling House Prices in Greece

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Greek house prices continued to fall at an accelerated rate during the first two months of 2010. According to Greek members of the UK's Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), the average drop in price has been approximately 10% year-on-year, with variations relating to factors such as location, availability of housing stock and developers' readiness to negotiate.

All indications suggest that the Greek property market will be more downcast in 2010, than it was in 2009, when house prices fell by around 5%. The Greek economic climate has clearly deteriorated, unemployment is rising rapidly and banks continue with stiff loan distribution policies. Such factors have almost frozen the demand for newly built homes, which are the least affordable properties, since developers go to great lengths to keep prices stable. This continuing attitude will increasingly lead to prospective buyers looking for resale homes that are 10-15 years old and in good condition.

Data from the Bank of Greece for 2009 illustrates that newly built homes showed more resistance to falling prices than resale homes. The respective rates were 3.1% and 5.6%.

The annual RICS survey for the European housing market estimated that house prices in Greece fell by 5%, placing the country roughly average for Europe. However, it should be observed that the correction of house prices in most markets began in 2008, which was not the case in Greece, where property values had actually risen.

Generally in Europe, different groups seem to be forming. The first faction includes countries with housing markets that are falling at an escalating pace, such as Germany, Ireland, France, Poland, the Netherlands and the Baltic countries. In contrast, countries such as Spain, Greece and Denmark the fall in house prices continues, but at a slower rate than in 2008. The second fraction where the housing market crash has been short live and the first signs of recovery are already visible regarding both price and sales, includes the UK, Norway, Sweden, while Switzerland and Austria experience no fall in house prices at all.

The RICS report states that the recovery is expected to gather speed in 2010 when low interest rates take effect and economic activity accelerates. Moreover, a collapse in the property markets of Europe will be averted; therefore, this turn down will probably be more limited than the last major one in the 1990s.

Discover the Croatian Coastline With a Yacht Charter

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Europe is known mainly for its history, culture, architecture, art and food. Some of the most famous countries and probably the most visited ones are France, Italy and England. Croatia has still managed to remain a haven without the touristy crowds, and this is probably not many people yet knows of the surprises that lay hidden on the Croatian coastline.

A yacht charter Croatia would probably be the best way to explore this vast coastline since there as so many islands and ports that it is not possible to visit them all except for sea travel. And if you are considering a Croatia yacht charter the best thing to do would be to begin with Venice in Italy.

Venice is different things to different people, it is a cacophony of sounds, colors, tastes and smells that can mystify and enchant anyone. Everyone probably knows of the famous gondolas and the romantic atmosphere of the city and it certainly stands up to its reputation. Every street, every café and every building here would take you by surprise and so it is highly recommended that you start here.

Along the coastline in Croatia, the Mediterranean fishing village of Rovinj is a beautiful place to watch the fishermen bring in their catch every morning. The wooded hills and the narrow pedestrian streets here serve as good places to stroll on the sunny afternoons.

The Brijuni Islands which are a part of the National Park of Brijuni are known for its stunning beauty. All of these islands have picture perfect beaches, most of which are deserted and thus can be the perfect locations for a day picnic. Since there are so many islands here that a Croatian yacht charter can be the best possible way to visit them all.

The ancient town of Zadar is a must visit for anyone. This ancient roman town still has plenty of Roman ruins, medieval churches and buildings and some interesting museums. The old town of Zadar is surrounded by an ancient fortification and the narrow streets with their numerous crowded and colorful shops are a sight not to be missed.

The Kornati National Park along the coastline has several small islands that are exceptionally beautiful. The sea here has some stunning reef and a perfect place for diving. The many islands here offer the chance to visitors to just bask in the pleasant sun and do nothing other than just enjoying the natural beauty around.

Split is one of the largest transport hub and the center point for the surrounding locations. The harbor side promenade here is lined with outdoor cafes and restaurants where one can spend an evening watching the sunset. The Diocletian's Palace here is a World heritage site and is one of the major landmarks here.

Croatia's coastline is one of the most beautiful ones in Europe, surrounded by hills that are covered with woods, glistening waterfalls, beautiful islands and fishing villages.

Experience the Beauty of Rural Tuscany From a Villa in Italy

Image : http://www.flickr.com

If you want to spend a few days getting as far away from the pressures of everyday life as possible, you may want to consider the advantages of villa holidays in Tuscany.

The region is an area of almost unrivalled natural beauty and there are plenty of rural retreats available if you want to enjoy the views in solitude.

Tuscany has a range of landscapes to choose from, depending on exactly what type of surroundings you want to relax in.

Many of the villa rentals in Chianti come with views of rolling hills, vineyards and forests, while the scenery in the Garfagnana area is dominated by the Apuan Alps and Apennines.

Choose accommodation close to the coast and you will be able to experience the beauty of the Tyrrhenian Sea's shoreline, or head to rural parts of Arezzo for some stunning views over farmland.

Wherever you choose to stay, you can be assured that you will be untroubled by the helter-skelter of modern life for a few days.

The rural villas are mostly located close to picturesque villages, which have shops selling the local specialities, which include beef, pork, truffles, olive oil and fruit. Of course, you'll also want to try the world-famous Tuscan wine.

Most of the villages and small towns have restaurants selling traditional local cuisine, giving you the chance to try some of the peasant dishes as they are meant to be cooked.

Tuscany is also home to several major cities, which are easy to reach from many of the villas in Italy which are available to holidaymakers.

Siena, Lucca and Pisa all have plenty to recommend them to tourists, but the one you are most likely to want to visit is Florence.

The capital of Tuscany, Florence is renowned as one of Europe's great cultural centres, thanks in part to the presence of the Uffizi. The gallery is home to one of the finest art collections in the world and you will be able to see works by Botticelli, Da Vinci and Michelangelo.

You'll probably also want to leave a few hours spare to wander around Florence, which has some remarkable architecture and a lively atmosphere which can make a spot of people watching great fun.

What is Biomimetics

Image : http://www.flickr.com

For centuries Man has looked to the wonders of nature for inspiration. Leonardo Da Vinci designed ships with hulls based on the shape of fish and, less successfully, flying machines with the flapping wings of birds in flight. It took the Wright brothers to notice that large birds are unable to flap their winds repeatedly and glide instead, an observation that led them to design successful aircraft with fixed wing structures. In ancient times, the Chinese spent many years trying to produce a synthetic silk after remarking on the incredible strength of the spider's web.

Drawing on nature for inspiration is a recognised science known as biomimetics, taken from the Greek words bios (meaning life) and mimesis (meaning imitation). Innovators have recognised that the world around us is an unlimited resource of intricate ideas just waiting to be copied. While modern industries use this concept to produce ever more high-tech inventions, there are some famous examples of biomimetics that we can all appreciate.

In the 1850s, an anatomist, Hermann Von Meyer studied the workings of the human skeleton. He noticed that the head of the femur (thigh bone) had an unusual structure, allowing the weight of the body to be supported slightly off-centre by the leg bones. Further work by engineer Karl Cullman confirmed that the ordered lattice of ridges within the femur made it perfect for supporting an off-centre load. When Gustave Eiffel built his tower in 1889, he imitated this complicated bone structure in the now familiar arches at its base. Using a series of wrought iron braces and studs, he managed to reproduce nature's ingenuity. The resulting 984 foot high tower has resisted strong winds for over one hundred years and still stands today.

One of the most prevalent examples of biomimetics is the invention of Velcro. In the early 1940s, Swiss inventor, George de Mestral, took his dog for a walk in nearby fields. Returning home, he noticed that many tiny burdock seeds had stuck firmly to his trousers, a problem familiar to many dog owners and a device used by nature to spread new plants. Intrigued by this phenomenon, he studied the burrs under the microscope and discovered that they each possessed several tiny hooks, the secret of their sticky behaviour. Realising that this simple idea could be replicated, he developed a fastener called Velcro, derived from the French words velour and crochet. De Mestral worked for several years with cloth and fabric experts to achieve a practical solution, which consisted of two strips of material; one with thousands of tiny plastic hooks and the other made from a fibrous felt. When pressed together, the two materials formed a strong bond and yet could be used many times over. This remarkable imitation of nature is still popular fifty years after it was finally patented in 1955.

Like the Eiffel Tower, the Victorian Crystal Palace owed its existence to the natural world. Designed and built in 1851 to house the Great Exhibition, the eighteen acre glass construction was designed, not by an engineer but by botanist Joseph Paxton. His studies had brought to his attention the enormous floating leaves of the water lily, victoria amazonica, which could hold the weight of a small child. The ribbed support structure on the underside of these leaves helped Paxton to devise a lightweight method for supporting huge areas of glass. He used this to conceive a 108 foot high building containing over 200,000 panes of glass and despite his lack of architectural or engineering training, won the Crystal Palace design competition. Some experts feared that huge crowds attending the exhibition could produce resonant vibrations in the iron girders of the roof, causing the whole structure to collapse. Three hundred men were instructed to jump in unison inside a scale model of the proposed building and as Paxton had promised, the supports barely moved. Work began immediately on the real Palace, which proved to be a triumph of design and would probably be standing today if a fire hadn't destroyed it in 1936.

Science continues to look to nature for new ideas. Recent examples of biomimetics include the new Large Binocular Telescope in Arizona, one of the most powerful telescopes ever constructed. Here engineers have borrowed the hexagonal structure of the common honeycomb to provide the strength needed to supports its two large mirrors. A leading swimwear manufacturer has just developed a revolutionary sports swimsuit that imitates the ridges on a shark's skin, reducing the drag in the water. The clothing industry is working to create a fabric that not only has the insulating properties of penguin feathers but mimics the opening and closing of a pine cone to release and retain moisture. Throughout history humans have proved themselves to be ingenious and resourceful but, as biomimetics illustrates, Mother Nature has been a wonderful teacher.

Georgian Architecture in the United States

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Overview
The Georgian architectural style became popular during the late eighteenth through the mid nineteenth century and it replaced the Baroque architecture that had been popular up to that point. It is a general term for many common themes that were occurring around the world at that time and was named after the English monarchs George I-IV.

Features & Characteristics
One of the most prominent features of Georgian architecture is its focus on proportion and balance. Math was used to determine correct size and placement of windows and other adornments on the building. Symmetry was very important when designing a Georgian style building and a Georgian addition to an earlier architectural style was considered extremely unattractive and flawed. Much of the inspiration for Georgian buildings was derived from Roman and Greek architecture and buildings were traditionally constructed of stone or brick over other materials.

In the United States the principles of Georgian style architecture were combined with neo-Palladian style architecture which created a "Federal Style". It was used most frequently in middle and upper class homes. Several examples of the influence of Georgian architecture can still be seen today in the United States.

Progression of Architectural Styles
Georgian architecture was replaced slowly with a series of revival movements. Georgian architecture was itself revived and this new style was referred to as "Colonial revival". Today Georgian style architecture is most frequently used for residential construction only and most commercial properties have abandoned this style completely.

Where to Find Georgian Style Home Hardware
LookInTheAttic & Company offers a wide variety of Georgian and Colonial style hardware and they offer free design assistance and help. Look for balanced and symmetrical patterns and solid brass construction to ensure high quality and durability. The Georgian architectural style is a wonderful theme for any home because it offers a wide variety of patterns that can be introduced inside the home and out.

The Top 5 Holiday Destinations

Image : http://www.flickr.com

The heap of anguish caused by the claustrophobic city life can only be eradicated when you take a stride down the blue beaches of Australia or relax at the foot of Christ De Redeemer in Rio de Janeiro. When life demands too much and you want to escape from this mundane world, take a flight to one of your desired destinations and spend the holiday there with your loved ones. Give yourself a chance to enjoy the gorgeous Greek Island, scintillating Cuba or the magical Thailand. The unparalleled exquisiteness of the five top destinations below is alluring visitors to feast on the amazing beauty.

1. Australia - Whitsunday Islands

The spectacular scene of Australia has made it the suitable holiday destination for people from all over the world. The very thought of the coral reefs, lush rainforests and the amazingly warm ocean water would chill you up and you won't be able to resist the charm of holidaying in this country. Whitsunday coasts and islands seem to have been naturally tailored to quench your need of getting lost in the soothing greens and serene blue of the water. The Islands are centrally located on the Queensland Coast where almost all flights have been given access. The airport is about 40 minutes away from the Airlie Beach and leisure can be enjoyed to the full extent. Apart from this Island particularly, Australia is encompassing within itself a wide array of holiday zones. The Gold Coasts, Hunter Valley, Sunshine coast, the wonderful Sydney and so on. At Whitsunday, you will get the opportunity to select resorts and hotels of your choice. The availability of the peaceful ambience, spas, swimming pools, gardens and other amenities will vary with the denomination of the accommodation you choose. The exciting Great Barrier Reef, the stunning beauty of the Proserpine River and the luxury yachts are bound to drive you ecstatic. Holiday packages to this Island will seem to be incomplete, as you will fall in love with Whitsunday forever.

2. Brazil - Rio de Janeiro

It may be the outstanding color of its beaches or the magical sound produced by the forests that has made the creation of samba music possible in Rio de Janeiro. The high-spirited people of this state make Brazil one of the liveliest places on earth. Those of you who are fond of sports must take your family to this city to enjoy the essence of sports and sporting spirit. The intense cultural life of ravishing Rio includes mind-blowing music and heart throbbing belly dances. The state is the pride of Brazilians for it includes within it, theaters, clubs, museums, beaches, gardens, forests, lagoons and the memorabilia of the World War II. Winter is full of events and it would the best time to take a flight to Rio and give your life a new refreshing turn. Hotels and inns are available at your fingertips, which you can reserve even via the Internet.

3. Greek Islands

If you are a travel freak then you must spend your next holiday at the Greek Islands, which are about 22 in number. Mykonos would take you down the memory lanes with the windmills turning the pages of history. Affordable hotels and excellent services are designed to make your visit very pleasurable. Naxos is the island of churches, Venetian castles and homes just opposite to the nightlife culture that Rhodes can give. Lesvos is a perfect destination to soothe your tired mind and eyes. Wildlife, restaurants, spas and greenery can cheer you up for the rest of the hectic year ahead. Most of the islands here are breathtaking and you can zoom through the clouds directly or can halt in mainland Greece and then move ahead. Accommodation places are always ample, just prior booking is essential.

4. Cuba

Vigorous salsa, mind-blowing architecture, exciting tropical beaches and the swashbuckling nightlife can be the most apt phrases to describe Cuba - the dream destination for most people. Relaxation coupled with luxury is going to make your holiday in Cuba one of the most memorable experiences. This unique and safe Caribbean Island has got a historic importance of its own. Fishing or sailing in a tranquil ambience can reinvigorate you to your fullest. The journey to Cuba would revitalize you, shedding all the lethargic loads that you had been carrying so far. Your stride through the Las Terrazas will enable you to relish the flora and fauna. The coffee at a famous Cafetal restaurant would make you nostalgic, and sips at the Darquiri cocktail at Tropicana Cabaret are definitely an enchanting experience. Ecological tours of the Western Cuba can also be a sumptuous and momentous moment for you. If you are looking for cheap eats and lodging, you can find it at this top holiday destination.

5. Thailand

Thailand gains prominence as one of the hottest tourist sports for the sky kissing mountains, green meadows, multi-colored orchids, fascinating native handcrafts, coupled with the tropical climate. The country is well known for the hospitality, and the local food is also superb to taste. For the active traveler, this can be the ideal spot to spend the holidays. Travel packages booked earlier can make your journey to this place an interesting one. Bangkok is the main gateway to Thailand where the international airport is situated. The religion followed in this country is Buddhism and everywhere place you visit, you are going to find information pertaining to Lord Buddha. The elephant conservation center, wildlife sanctuaries, Thai crafts and the fruit carving are simply wonderful. The capital Bangkok is of great prominence due to the natural beauty that it ensembles. Makha Puja, Flower festival, Pattya festival and the Sonkran festivals attract throngs of visitors every year to this country. For a cool escape, the southern beaches are a definite hot spot and are not to be missed, Phuket having the biggest tourism numbers followed by Koh Samui.

Gulf Coast Alabama Vacations That Deliver

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Many have said the Biblical Garden of Eden may be found at the source of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, though you don't have to travel that far, because the Gulf Coast of Alabama is waiting for you now! With white sandy beaches and a constantly shining sun will bring smiles to the faces of the entire family. Fortunately you won't find any forbidden fruit here, only exciting attractions and fun for the whole family.

If you decide to take your summer vacation to the Gulf Coast you should be sure to check out the Alabama Gulf Coast Zoo. The quaint coastal zoo houses over 300 species and is set on 16 acres of meandering trails and pathways throughout the park.

When you think excitement and fun, Mobile, Alabama probably doesn't come to mind. Though it should! Oddly enough Mobile was the first city to host Mardi Gras, a tradition the city still boasts and hosts celebrations that rival New Orleans. Also make sure to check out the awesome antebellum home scene in Mobile. The Greek revival architecture is simply stunning and can be viewed all over the cityscape of Mobile. The 1860 built Dar House is an amazing example of architecture. From its walled gardens and marble staircase, to the hand-carved fireplaces, it's enough to take your breath away.

Looking for the perfect place to stay? Check out the renaissance built 1908 Battle House Hotel. Recently re-opened the hotel is simply stunning. The buildings architecture is simply stunning, every detail involved in construction and finish work is very apparent and it's a true testament to the cities historic magnificent.

So maybe you've had enough of museums and attractions, it's time for the beach! Well there's no better place than the Gulf Coast. The long stretches of white sandy beaches along Gulf Shores and Orange beach are perfect for soaking up some sun or an exciting game of beach volley ball. Get a hot dog, a soda, and simply let your cares float away into the Gulf of Mexico.

It's easy to see why the Gulf Coast of Alabama is quickly becoming one of America's top tourist attractions. With loads of museums, historic architecture, beautiful beaches, attractions, zoos, and loads of family friendly oriented attractions everyone will enjoy! So if you're tired of being so stressed while on vacation that you need another vacation just to get it over it, well look no further your Gulf Coast vacation is waiting for you!

The Evolution of Greek Sculpture From 600 BCE - 150 BCE

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Greek sculpture "evolved" throughout, and paralleled the historical significances of this ancient civilization through three (3) major historical periods. We see how for the Greeks, art and the events of the day were significantly entwined.

Each of the three main periods of Greek sculpture presented its own unique contributions in the art of sculpting the human form. Ancient Greeks were skilled craftsmen and incorporated the human appearance into every aspect of their art from the earliest period the Archaic, through the middle Classical period, into the Hellenistic period. Although today we view sculpting as an art form, in early ancient times the Greeks viewed it as a learned trade or skill.

Due to the Greek's unique appreciation for sculpture, this art form was nurtured by the city of Athens, then the sculptural hub of Greece, as it grew through various periods. This 'financial support' is why the Ancient Greeks created vast amounts of sculpture. Art was not so prolific in areas of the world where it wasn't profitable.
During the Archaic period, from 650 B.C. to 480 B.C., dictators ruled the most powerful Greek cities. Despite tyrannical rule and political and social unrest, the arts flourished. The Greek's victory at Persia's attempt to conquer them in Asia Minor, ushered in a celebration in Greek Art, "symbolizing the triumph of civilized peoples over the forces of barbarism". "The origins of democracy can be traced to Athens in the years following the fall of the tyrannical Peisistratids (560-510 BC)".(Penn Museum)
 
The earliest full size stone Greek sculptures were one dimensional nude males and females (kouroi and draped korai).  As beautiful as every sculpture was, they were being created as grave markers, cult images, and as dedications for sanctuaries rather than works of art. Obvious differences in the male and female sculptures of this period are that males stand nude, forward facing, one leg forward and arms to the side with clenched fists, where the females stand with feet together, always fully clothed with nothing more than their feet and arms bare. "The difference between the sexes is striking" (Baron 11). Many human sculptures displayed 'the Archaic smile', which was not created to display emotion, but rather as a simple, easy solution for the artist creating the "face".
 
Heavy Egyptian influence is evidenced by the similarities found in many sculptures during this period. Some art historians believe Egyptian artists used a grid system, with spacing between each line to define their proportions. "Using this same grid system, artists of the Greek Archaic period produced the simple and limiting style that led to the creation of the rigid sculptural forms of that period." (Oracle - Classical Greek Sculpture Webpage).
 
Although bronze casting to create sculptures was discovered in the middle of this period, it wasn't commonly used until the 5th century. It's important to note that each stone sculpture of the Archaic period was richly painted, enhancing features such as the lips and eyes. Today most consider them quite beautiful works of art.
Marked by the end of the Persian wars, the second period in Greek art, the Classical period, spanned from 480 B.C. to 323 B.C. and brought about great changes in Greek sculpting. This period saw the full development of the Greek democratic system of government, however by the late 5th century wars raged between Athens and Sparta, and the Carthaginians and the Greeks of Sicily and Italy. Again in the 4th century, Athens, Sparta and Thebes were warring over control of Greece. Under Spartan rule, Greece divided and the Macedonian state rose under Phillip II and his son, Alexander the Great.
 
The wars occurring during this period influenced the more life-like, realistic anatomical appearances taken on by sculptures. Statues with slender athletic torsos were often posed with war-like stances or grimaced faces. "Characteristic examples of this trend are two slightly later works by Praxiteles, the Hermes and the Conidian Aphrodite. They were considered of unparalleled beauty by the ancient authors and were copied repeatedly in later periods." (Oracle)
 
This classical style is also reflected in two of the earliest bronze sculptures Tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogiton. "Early Classical statues tend to be dramatic, and to carry with them the impression that they represent one distinct stage in a series of events" (Pollitt 15). "In the period from 430 - 400 B.C. sculptors in particular devoted a great part of their attention to exploiting the decorative potentialities of the 'wind-blown' style of rendering drapery which had been developed by the sculptors of the Partheonon pediments" (Pollitt 115). 
 
By the 4th century, nude female sculptures began to emerge. The Greek female nude sculpture of Aphrodite, the embodiment of perfect beauty, set the standard for other nude female sculptures. Later we see "Athena, the daughter of Zeus, patroness of the arts, promoter of wisdom, goddess of war, and guardian of cities, always clothed and sometimes even armed." (Penn Museum)
 
The two most commonly used materials in sculpting during this period were bronze and marble. "But a number of ostentatious works, largely cult statues, were ordered in a technique known as chryselephantine: upon a wooden frame the flesh was overlaid with ivory, the drapery with gold" (Barron 83). It was during this period that artists became recognized for their works.
 
The death of Alexander the Great in 323 B.C. ushered in the Hellenistic period (323 B.C to 31 B.C.). Due to their changing cultural environments, the influx of peoples of varying societies and ethnicities, and the changing and merging of ruling nations, artists began to examine the world in a whole new way, which was reflected in their work.
 
Portrait statuary became a popular form of art and there were many wonderful works created in this genre. One of the most famous was Polyeuctus' figure of Demosthenes (a copy can be found in Copenhagen and Oxford). Hellenistic sculptors delved deep into the expression of human emotions in their sculptures. "The fullest dramatic use is made of swirling drapery, but the main force is lent by the vigorous carving of muscles and the writhing, tense bodies. If this alone were not enough to convey the horror of the struggle the faces too were carved with expressions of extreme anguish: (Boardman 213). "Hellenistic sculptors had other standards. In work of traditional character they kept the old impassivity, but where the aim was naturalistic or dramatic they enjoyed their virtuosity. Pain, fear, pleasure amusement, drunkenness, lassitude, sleep and death were within their range by the second century so too were all the graduations of age and, when they wanted they could produce plausibly differentiated racial types" (Cook 145).
 
Viewing the figurine of Aphrodite Anadyomene created of clay, it's "clear that the erotic dimension of Aphrodite was only enhanced in art in the Hellenistic period, when her nude statues flourish and the word 'Aphrodisia' becomes synonymous with sexual intercourse. This fact is possibly associated with the improved social position of women and their liberation from the conservatism of the male-dominated cities of the Classical period. It certainly demonstrates a departure from the aesthetic of Classical art, which was based on adulation of the male body." (Goulandris Foundation Museum)
 
Nude sculptures of males remained prominent in the Hellenistic period, and became much more anatomically correct than those of previous periods. Unlike the more rigid "Classical" poses, women were sculpted in a variety of poses such as bending or laying. Two of the most famous female sculptures of the time are The Nike of Samothrace and the Venus di Milo.
 
Another new form emerged in the Hellenistic period, the sculpting of groups. "We have so far dealt mainly with single-figure studies but far more characteristic of the age are the groups - narrative groups we might almost call them - which tell a story and study the emotions of the protagonists" (Boardman 222).
Warring adversaries destroyed the majority of the Greek statues from these periods, however the Romans greatly valued Greek art, and created copies of many of their statues. We would know little about the ancient Greeks and their rich world of art if not for these Roman admirers.
 
We see a profound evolution in Greek sculpture throughout the three major periods discussed here, and we acknowledge particularly the influence of Greek art in the development of Western art through the centuries. The magnificence of ancient Greek sculpture remains an influence in today's world of art and sculpture, and their weight can be seen in many modern works.

Postmodernism and Architecture

Image : http://www.flickr.com

What is postmodernism? Are the postmodern characteristics still apparent in contemporary architectural design? According to scholars, "Postmodernism, by definition resists definition". If postmodernism is then difficult to be defined, on what principles can one judge if postmodernism in architecture is in still emerging? Postmodernism in its regional/vernacular forms reflects neighborhood culture. Some argue that postmodernism is a reaction to the forces of "creative destruction." But it can be a tool for those powers as well. The end of the assembly line, created by the instant flexibility of computer technology, means that in this post-Fordist world people can all have a unique, neighborhood specific thing, as well as having the same reference.

Evaluating and categorizing architects according to styles, periods, theoretical backgrounds, and philosophical ideas, from Itkinos and Brunelleschi, to Borromini and Le Corbusier, is a very challenging process that requires a deep understanding of the key elements that influence the architects' design. What appears though to be a constant value in this type of analysis, is that the evolution of architecture, from the period of the Greek civilization (Parthenon in Athens 447-433 BC), to the present day's Santiago Calatrava's projects, signifies that the architect's pursuit for the myriad idea of beauty is actually a leitmotif of his/her past influences.

Postmodernism is differentiated from other cultural forms by its emphasis on fragmentation which replaces the alienation of the subject that characterized modernism. Postmodernism is concerned with all surface, no substance. There is a loss of the center. Postmodernist works are often characterized by a lack of depth; a flatness. Individuals are no longer anomic, because there is nothing from which one can sever ties. The liberation from the anxiety which characterized anomie may also mean liberation from every other kind of feeling as well. This is not to say that the cultural products of the postmodern era are utterly devoid of feeling, but rather that such feelings are now free-floating and impersonal. Also distinctive of the late capitalist age is postmodernism's focus on commodification and the recycling of old images and commodities.

In architecture, postmodernism, in its regional or vernacular forms, reflects neighborhood culture. In this way, it can function as a tool in class struggle and can probably be used by any player in the struggle. Thus, postmodernism when examined as a resistive force is closely linked to the historic preservationists. In trying to maintain the collective memory of a place the postmodernist agenda can be used in a way that is antithetical to the forces. Public or private partnerships that wipe out neighborhoods can use the postmodern vocabulary in their new ventures. Neighborhoods can hope to have at best just a mere palimpsest of a memory of what they were in the past.

One day perhaps, neuroscience will explain why some infrastructures seem to reach far beyond their physicaldimensions. But one does not need to wait for that explanation in order to experience their postmodern orpost-postmodern effect. It turns out that bodies, buildings, streets and cities are still useful for certain things inthe global age of digital information. People are only beginning to uncover how they work.

Beauty of Neoclassicism Art

Image : http://www.flickr.com

The main objective of neoclassicism is to revive the lost spirit and artistic austerity of the classic art and literature. During 18th to 20th Centuries this type of neoclassicism art was matured into the hands of a particular class of artists who tried their best capture the past days which are gone. In actuality, they tried to bring back the elegance of classic art through their paintings which bore the classic touch. In European countries, you will see that there was some protest which was raised by the Neoclassicists against Baroque and Rococo genres.

At the same time you will also see the revival of the Romanesque and Renaissance classic art and literature to boost up the Neoclassicism art. Both in the infrastructural aesthete and visual display of images, Neoclassicists have proved their excellence to have the snapshots of the previous Classicism for the enrichment of the artistic beauty. If the romanticism means the renaissance of wonder, the true object of the Neoclassicism art is to renew the new objects into the furnace of the Renaissance art and Greek painting which have showcased the revival of the classic art and literature in more unique way.

To be frank, the Neoclassical art was much palpable at the time of American and French Revolutions. In later part of 19th century or in the earlier part of 20th century, though Romanticism and Gothic art took the possession, the importance of the Neoclassicism didn't get dried up. In the middle part of 19th century there are a number of European cities which have the historical records and evidence of Neoclassical art and at the same time American architecture has also experienced the Neoclassicism.

There are a number of historical buildings and monuments like the Lincoln Memorial and the National Gallery in Washington D.C. which bear the Neoclassical art. If you research extensively, you will surely find that Picasso who was an expressionist artist also emulated the Neoclassicism theory and ideology in his abstract painting. Besides, there are few modern artists who have used this type of style sometimes in their paintings.

There is also the usage of the Neoclassicism philosophy in Art Deco style. In the very beginning, this Neoclassicism art was combined with other forms of European architecture and it earned much recognition and fame in the world of art. This Neoclassicism art was over refined and renewed after keeping in touch with Roman architectural style or artistic genre, especially after the effective excavation of Pompeii.

Plantation Shutters Bring Antebellum Elegance To Modern Homes

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Choosing plantation shutters for form or function? Plantation shutters offer both to today's homeowner. These unique window treatments trace their roots to ancient Greece. The Greeks used them for both privacy and security. Interior shutters were used to close windows. Along with imposing columns, shutters are hallmarks of Classical Greek Architecture. This ancient order and form in building design later influenced buildings and architecture throughout the Western world.

Before the widespread use of glass, shutters were used to close windows. They were used to protect the interior of the house from the weather and from intruders as well as provide privacy. They could be opened to allow sunlight and fresh air into the building or home.

Elements of Greek architecture are seen in many buildings and homes from the late 18th century, the 19th century and the early 20th century in the United States. It was especially prevalent in banks, office buildings and many public and government buildings. The plantation mansions of the old South borrowed heavily on the architecture of the Greeks. The antebellum mansions of the great plantations from South Carolina to the western edge of Mississippi borrowed heavily from the building concepts of the Greeks. A number of these grand old mansions have been restored and preserved at Natchez, Mississippi.

Just as did the ancient Greeks, plantation owners used shutters for both their beauty and their function. By closing the windows in this manner, these homeowners were able to add a level of security to their homes. This was important because in the era before the Civil War, the agricultural areas of the South were only sparsely populated. Plantations were largely isolated. Plantations were also symbols of wealth, making them targets for bands of robbers. There was also the potential of attack from revolting slaves.

Times have changed and today's homeowners use shutters primarily for their beauty or form rather than for security.

What are plantation shutters?

Plantation shutters are louvered interior shutters. They cover the entire window. They are most often made from wood, although modern materials including PVC and vinyl are also being used with growing acceptance. The shutters are hinged and can be opened or closed and latched. In addition to swinging open, some models have moveable louvers that can be opened and closed. Other models have stationary louvers. There is great flexibility in being able to partially or completely open the shutters and/or partially or completely open the louvers. This allows tremendous control in directing the inflow of outside air as well as sunlight.

Typically the panels of plantation shutters range from 15 inches to 36 inches wide. Louvers are available in several widths, ranging from 1-3/4 inches wide to 4-1/2 inches wide, appealing to different tastes and fitting with a variety of decors. The width of the louver has a practical application as well as aesthetic. The wider the louver, the more air or sunlight will be allowed to filter through.

These shutters are often used in series. Rooms with a number of windows, several adjacent windows or large picture windows look especially good with plantation shutter window treatment.

Pine is frequently used in construction of hurricane shutters as well. Contractors and do-it-yourselfers can find them both pre-finished and unfinished. Unfinished allows the contractor or diy to finish with any paint or stain color desired.

PVC and vinyl panels come in colors, including white. These panels may be plain or have embossed wood graining. PVC and vinyl are excellent choices for rooms where there can be high levels of moisture or steam. They are good for pool rooms, bathrooms and utility rooms.

Shutters with moveable panels have the added advantage of providing privacy at the same time they admit light and air. You can adjust the louvers in such a manner that light and air is allowed into the room while at the same time preventing outside passersby from seeing inside.

Some tips for selecting shutters for your home

1. Consult your carpenter or contractor. Determine if the present window casings will support the weight of the hinged shutters when opened and closed, or whether additional framing will be required.

2. Consider the width of the louver. The louver width affects the appearance as well as the function of the shutters. The wider the louver, the more light and air will be permitted to flow into the room.

3. Choose between wood and vinyl. Wooden, especially faux wood shutters can give the room a warmer feeling. Vinyl shutters work well in rooms that have high moisture or steam content. Vinyl shutters are easy to clean and will not warp.

4. Choose between moveable and fixed louvers. If you want to use the shutters primarily for privacy and security, you may wish to use fixed position louvers. If you want to be able to open the shutters to admit light, ventilation or see through the window, you will want to select adjustable louver shutters.

5. Read the reviews written by home improvement consultants and also by consumers. These reviews are posted on websites and are published on home improvement websites and in home decorating magazines.

6. Choose a reputable company with a reliable warranty against defects in materials and workmanship.

Tips for installing shutters

1. Measure the window and make sure that the window opening is square. If the window is not square, you will be required to taper the shutter to fit the opening.

2. Cut the shutters to fit the opening. If you cannot find a shutter that will fit your window exactly, choose a shutter that is slightly larger than the opening. If you need to trip more than ¾" from the shutter, cut all of it from the left or bottom sides. If you need to trim more than ¾ inch from the side, cut half from each side. Use the same procedure in trimming the height of the shutter.

3. Hinge the shutter with non-mortising hinges. Use two shutter hinges for shutters 30 inches or less in height. Use three hinges for shutters from 30 - 48 inches high. Be sure and place the hinges on the opposite side of the desired shutter opening.

4. Install the latch on the opposite side of the hinges. The latch is often installed in the centre of the shutter. In some applications it may be desirable to install the latch near the top or the bottom of the shutter. For example, in a room used by small children you may wish to install the latch near the top of the shutter.

5. The installation tools needed include a mitre, radial arm or table saw; a jointer, planer or a hand plane; screwdriver; square, paint brush; tape measure; pencil; the shutters, non-mortising hinges, screws, fine sandpaper and touch-up paint or varnish.

Today's homeowner is going to use plantation shutters more for beauty, but they are also important for privacy and security. Shutters are often an excellent choice for living rooms, sitting rooms, dens, home libraries and home offices. There is a special feeling that comes from sitting or working in a room dominated by the rich warmth of wood. Sunlight, ventilation and artificial lighting can all be adjusted to provide just the right atmosphere.

A Mediterranean Cruise Ship Will Surround You With History and Luxury

Image : http://www.flickr.com

When one thinks of Europe, one usually has visions of royalty, tradition and grandeur that come to mind. For many centuries, many monarchs have ruled over the nations of Italy, France, Spain, England and other countries. The history of both the rise and fall of these European empires and the people that they ruled makes Mediterranean Sea cruises some of the most memorable and exciting.

Ancient architecture, along with fine art and wondrous natural beauty are often attributed to the continent of Europe. Cruises aboard well known cruise lines like Holland America are a great way for you and your family to fully enjoy all that Europe can offer. You will travel on some of the most luxurious cruise ships to ever sail the high seas, complete with fun activities that every age group can enjoy, as well as exceptional cuisine and delightful entertainment.

Your choice of Mediterranean Sea cruises is quite extensive. Depending on the cruise you choose, you may visit exciting ports such as:

Rome, Italy

Remarkable and world-renowned sites await you as you venture to Rome. Generally most famous as the home to the Vatican, the Parthenon and the Colosseum, Rome has a unique heritage steeped in religion, power and innovation. From some amazing aqueducts to the intriguingly exquisite squares and fountains, an experience in Rome will be uniquely European. These cruises can depart from many U.S. and European ports.

Monte Carlo, Monaco

One of the more romantic places on Earth, Monte Carlo is positioned between the sea and the mountains. The setting of a true-life fairy tale between Prince Rainier III and Princess Grace, who was a former U.S. movie star and resident. With very ornate palaces, several stately museums and its world-class cuisine, a Mediterranean cruise that includes a stop at Monte Carlo is your chance to step into a world of regal elegance.

Where Does Titanium Come From?

Image : http://www.flickr.com

You may have heard about all of the uses for titanium. From replacement body parts to jewelry to spacecraft materials, titanium is used to build lightweight and durable materials. However, have you ever wondered where this metal actually comes from? You may not know that titanium is obtained but never in its purest form. Before titanium can be ready for use, it must be combined with other materials to form usable alloys.

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element in the crust of the Earth. Its found in soils, sands, rocks, clays, water, plants and animals. It is never found as a pure metal because it reacts so readily with oxygen. It, instead, is found in ores. It also is combined with other materials to form alloys in order to increase the durability of the metal.

Originally named by German chemist, Martin Klaproth in 1795, titanium was named after Greek rulers known as Titans. Today, titanium is known for its light-weight and durable characteristics.

Titanium is typically manufactured through what is known as the Kroll process. During this process titanium dioxide is formed into titanium tetrachloride by being reacted with chlorine. Then, it is allowed to react with magnesium, which removes the chlorine and leaves a pure titanium sponge. This is then melted into bars known as ingots. The leading countries for titanium production include Japan, Kazakhstan, Ukraine and China.

Titanium is combined with iron, aluminum and other metals for uses in so many items. Almost 65 percent of all titanium produced is used in marine equipment and aircraft manufacturing since it is so incredibly light and strong and resistant to corrosion. It improves our quality of life since it is long lasting and therefore used in bone plates, screws, pace-makers and artificial replacements. It is extremely popular in jewelry and high-end sports cars.

Constructivism Trends in Moscow Architecture

Image : http://www.flickr.com

In Russia Constructivism is one architectural style that appeared ahead of its time. Russian architects began to develop it more or less immediately after the Great October Revolution in 1917, and the style that is also known as the aesthetics of straight corners, emerged in Moscow in 1919-20.

One of the most famous examples of Constructivism, the style which combines straight lines and various forms such as cylinders, squares, rectangles, cubes and so on, is the world-famous Lenin mausoleum in the center of Red Square. It was designed in 1924 by architect Alexei Shchusev.

The style does not only exploit the opposition between different forms and models, but it also plays on the contrast of different surfaces: rough walls (decorated with granite chips) and windows. Windows are usually either strictly square or rectangular. They can also be horizontal like giant ribbons wrapped around an entire building. Ideally, there are round windows, too, usually at the very top of the building.

The earliest buildings designed by architects Konstantin Melnikov, Ilya Golosov, the Vesniny brothers, Moisei Ginzburg and many others, appeared in 1925 as the country was just emerging from WWI and had no money for new construction. Constructivism did not live for long, only until 1931-33. There are about 600 Constructivism-style buildings in the Russian capital today.

Private mansions were things of the past, the revolutionaries decided, and it was time to build public buildings instead: communal houses, factories doubling as communal kitchens, workers clubs and office buildings.

Besides the mausoleum, another famous Constructivist building is the newspaper Izvestia offices at 5 Pushkin Square. While looking very business-like, it has a number of round windows on its top floor.

The editorial offices of Pravda on 24 Pravda Street also belong to the style, a rectangular building fitted out almost entirely with windows.

Then there is this amazing department store near metro 1905 Goda on the corner of Krasnaya Presnya street and Presnenskaya Zastava, the one with the Benetton sign on it. It occupies a small area and looks like a triangle with its top cut off. On one side a huge window rises from the first to the third floor.

Constructivist buildings began to undergo considerable reconstruction after 1930-33, when the political situation in the country had changed. The new functionaries called the famed style poor, rough and bourgeois, saying it made the city look ugly. Later on, it was replaced with what later became known as Stalin Empire style (It is sufficient to mention the seven almost undistinguishable skyscrapers that dominate the city skyline.)

In the 1940s and 1950s, the Constructivist architects were denied the chance to work, so some of them either gave up architectural design altogether, while others resorted to teaching.

The architects returned to Constructivism after 1958, when they designed a lot more public buildings such as the hotels Yunost, Sputnik, Luzhniki, and Orlyonok, the post-graduate student house on Shvernik street near metro Leninsky Prospekt and one of the buildings that makes up the Kursk railway station and others, basing their designs on the once popular architectural style.

But all over the word the style gave a push to contemporary architecture. Today, to see the precise, simple structures of the Constructivism age, you merely need to travel to Ivanovo, Kizhma, Novosibirsk, Yekaterinburg, or St. Petersburg. Examples of industrial towns that underwent rapid growth in the 1920s and '30s include Pavlovsky Posad, Voznesensk and Nizhny Novgorod. There are other examples of such cities in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Uzbekistan.

Etruscan Art - An Ancient Art of Greek Archaic Origin and Pre-Roman End

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Etruscan Art is the 'figurative art' of Etruria, which geographically stretched from some parts of North Italy further Salerno to the Tiber River. The art of Etruria spans over four key periods (ninth to second century BC), the Villanovan & Orientalizing Era (800-650 BC), the Archaic Era (650-500 BC), the Classical Era (500-300 BC), culminating finally in the Hellenistic Era (300-100 BC), by when it became extinct. In effect, the Etruscan Civilization flourished between about 800 and 300 BC.

Similar to most other ancient civilizations, the Etruscans were also preoccupied with the mysteries of death and afterlife, though in negative parlance. This firm belief of Etruria was portrayed through art and therefore, largely Etruscan Art is 'Funerary Art.' This art quite lacked the elaboration and the finesse of 'Monumental Art,' which is directed at ennobling or immortalizing a culture's historical events or civic ceremonies such as in the Greek and Roman Civilizations. Certain Greek Archaic and the eastern world artistry considerably inspired the art of Etruria. Though, Etruscan Art is said to in turn, have a significant influence over the Roman art & architecture, however, as not much is known about Etruscans, it is difficult to point out all the artistic details and the dimensions of impact.

Amidst the several expressions of Etruscan Art, the forts, buildings, temples, and tombs, yield an insight into the architectural evolution of ancient Etruria over time. Etruscans used stones for foundations and employed light materials, such as wood, rubble, and unbaked bricks, for the rest of the building. Etruscans were also one of the very few ancient civilizations, which laid out cities, availing grid plans, a technique imitated later by the Romans.

Most of the Etruscan artifacts were created in the purview of their requirement and utility in their personal lives, or for religious purposes. The sculptures and statues of this region carry Greek influence and exhibit similar excitement and energy. Etruscan life-size sculpting was done mostly with clay & terracotta, such as "Sacrophagus of the Spouses" (sixth century BC), "Apollo of Veii" (520-50 BCE). Some sculptures, like "Chimera of Arezzo," (400 BC), "Capitoline Wolf" (500-480 BC), "Brutus," and "The Orator" (second century BC) however, were crafted out of bronze metal.

Etruscan Art proliferated to painting too, which is considered more "Pre-Roman" in essence. Several masterpieces were excavated from various tombs & graves of Etruria, especially the "Tomb of Lioness" at Tarquinia. The murals depicted settings from everyday life, mythology, and the funeral rites. They even covered occasional events and portrayed people, banqueting & dancing in bright and typically animated colors. The wall frescoes were generally painted in the two-dimensional style and several 'Realistic' terra-cotta portraits were found in tombs, carved out of soft volcanic rocks. The metal works were evidenced from the bronze engravings for mirror frames. The Etruscans were also adept at their "Black Bucchero Pottery," which included relief decorations. In fact, Etruscans were the masters of potter's wheel.

Etruscan Art does not reverberate any primary drift in the history of art. Though, most of the artifacts excavated, lack any kind of creative innovation, they however, do demonstrate their own motivation & spirit, an attribute most ancient civilizations shared.

Origin of Human Civilisation

Image : http://www.flickr.com

It is more or less widely accepted that human civilization consisting of planned cities, organized governance, writing, manufacture and trading began about five thousand years ago in a region of earth comprising the Indus valley, Mesopotamia and Egypt.

The precise details of when and where specific aspects of civilization began are not yet known fully. There are many similarities between Sumer, Egypt and the Indus Valley - the sites of earth's earliest civilizations. These are some of the hottest, driest and most inhospitable places on the planet. It takes considerable agronomic and hydrological knowledge to convert the marshes and control the floods to turn these into productive farmlands. Civilization originated in these harsh, desert environs lacking many basic resources. Rapidly they invented mining, chariot, sailboat, writing, cities, engineering and so on, and all this while most of the world's tribes was still living as hunter-gatherers. It is difficult to explain the radical departure from the human norm by several tribes without invoking some insexplicable genetic deviations. Recent discoveries including the discovery of submerged cities of the gulf of Camaby India are however shedding new light on the matter. A possible scenario for the emergence of civilization is as follows.

About six thousand years a small tribal community living on the western coast of India was inspired because of a yet unexplained genetic evolution to begin the construction of planned cities and invent the first few symbols to depict human words or language. They emerged from their prehistoric existence as civilized humans that wanted to develop pottery, cities, and agriculture, and become literate by developing writing. These communities developed the first few pictorial symbols to represent human names and words. Remaining at first a small community for the first few hundred years these coastal people were eventually forced to move northwards and westwards due to seismic disturbance and submergence of their coastal cities about five and a half thousand years ago. They chose only arid plains to establish their new habitations, along the greatest of rivers that flowed at that time, since it is these they were used to and familiar with. Interaction with existing local communities in their new habitats provided them with much needed manpower for a rapid expansion of civilization. Forests scared them because of the threat of wild animals and they were completely unfamiliar with mountain territories considering them unsuitable for agriculture and hence these were avoided in the first march of human civilization. A branch of this community migrated to what is now Iraq and developed the Sumerian civilization on the banks of the Tigris and Euphrates. From here they spread to the Nile valley as well.

The Indus valley people began moving towards Sumer as early as 3300 BC and established their first settlements in ancient Sumer. They spoke the language of their forefathers. It was a completely different language from that of local populations of the area. Ancient Sumerian language is different from other languages of the area such as Hebrew, Akkadian, Babylonian, Assyrian and Aramaic, which are Semitic languages, and Elamite a non-Semitic tribal language of the area with African connections. However, as the ruling class, the colonizers made Sumerian the official language. The local population continued to use Akkadian language. The Sumerian language is a linguistic isolate unrelated to other languages on earth many of which belong to well-known groups of languages. The isolated character of the language is proof that it belonged to a single tribe that had developed in isolation. Whenever an official language differs from a local one, it is a clear indication that the rulers are of foreign origin. It is surprising that ancient historians on earth have not used this as a clue to tracing the origin of the people who brought civilization to Mesopotamia. The extent of the civilized world around 3000 BC lies in a belt extending from the Nile valley to the Indus valley. Since ancient Sumerian is completely different from the local languages around Mesopotamia, it is not difficult to guess where these new colonizers had come from. Their language was different from that of Nile Valley as well. However, since it was the Sumerians who established civilization in the Nile Valley too, some of their vocabulary did enter Egypt and continues to be used till today, as for example the word Khet for an agricultural holding. By the time Sumerians reached the Nile valley they had no need to establish Sumerian as the official language of Nile valley since they had become familiar with local languages of the area. As intermarriages between local Akkadians and ruling Sumerians increased, Sumerian was replaced by Akkadian as a spoken language around 2000 BC. Nevertheless, it continued to be used as a sacred, ceremonial and scientific language in Mesopotamia until about 1 AD. From the beginning of the second millennium, Babylonians and Assyrians maintained and utilized the extinct Sumerian language in much the same way that ancient Greek and Latin are used for artistic, religious and scholarly purposes today.
Although the Sumerian language is not an Indo-Aryan language it uses the root system for developing words. This was later adapted by Indo-Aryans in the development of Sanskrit in the Indus Valley. The use of Sumerian language began first in southern Mesopotamia and spread northwards indicating from which direction Indus people arrive in Mesopotamia, probably through the sea route. Ancient scribes have provided equivalence between Sumerian and Akkadian words and these can be employed to advantage by historians struggling to decipher the Indus Script. So far they have been looking elsewhere trying to establish its equivalence with Dravidian or Indo-European languages and failed. The Indus language was replaced by Indo-Aryan languages in the Indus valley as in much of the old world with the arrival of Aryans. Some of the words of the Indus-Sumerian language however continue to persist in local dialects till today.

Egyptian civilization began with an ancient historic event. The Sumerians Nirmer along with his son Menes and an army of 5000 Akkadian guards set out on a conquest of the Nile valley around 3200 BC. They followed the northern route along Euphrates that reached the Nile valley through Syria. On the periphery of the Nile valley they subjugated local people of African origin and expanded their army further, eventually conquering the Egyptian valley without much of a fight. A prehistoric flint knife, with a handle carved from the tooth of a hippopotamus, in the possession of Louvre and found at Gebel el Arak near Nag Hamâdi depicts a scene from the conquest. On one side of the handle is a battle-scene including some remarkable representations of ancient boats. Many of the warriors are nude with the exception of a loin girdle, but, while one set of combatants have shaven heads or short hair, the others have abundant locks falling in a thick mass upon the shoulder. The nude warriors are obviously of local African origin. It displays the wisdom of the conquerors in utilizing locals for their campaigns. On the other face of the handle is carved a hunting scene. In the upper field is a remarkable group, consisting of a personage struggling with two lions arranged symmetrically. The rest of the composition is not very unlike other examples of prehistoric Egyptian carving in low relief, but here attitude, figure, and clothing are un-Egyptian. The hero wears a turban on his abundant hair, and a full and rounded beard descends upon his breast. A long garment clothes him from the waist and falls below the knees, his muscular calves ending in the claws of a bird of prey. There is no doubt that the heroic personage is represented in the familiar attitude of the Babylonian hero Gilgamesh struggling with lions, a favorite subject of early Sumerian and Babylonian seals. His garment is Sumerian rather than Egyptian. The design itself is unmistakably of Mesopotamian origin. There was no physical barrier to the use of the river-route from Mesopotamia into Syria and of the tracks thence southward along the land bridge to the Nile's delta.

After the conquest Nirmer (The Scorpion King) returned to Babylon leaving his son Menes in charge of the new kingdom. Menes unified the scattered communities of the entire Nile Valley. There he established the First Egyptian Dynasty with a Sumerian civilization. The unified state led to the development of writing, the start of large scale construction and the venturing out from the Nile Valley to trade. The most remarkable evidence of cultural connection is shown in the architecture of Early Dynastic tombs of Egypt and Mesopotamian seal-impressions showing exactly similar buildings. A problem that early Sumerian ruling class faced upon arrival in Egypt was the different, even contrary religious beliefs. Egyptians glorified the floods whereas the Sumerian dreaded it because of their religious records of the deluge that had originally flooded their homeland and beautiful cities on the western coast of India leading to their exodus. However the Sumerians soon assimilated everything useful they found in the new lands and thus developed their culture even further. Unlike the colonists of eighteenth century the Sumerians arrived in any new territory with the intention of making it their home and progressed from strength to strength as they marched westwards. However the Nile valley was the limit of their expansion since their were no other great rivers flowing through vast arid plains to the west of the Nile. Nimes established the first Egyptian dynasty. The second Egyptian dynasty that ruled with the symbol of the dog rather than a bird appears to have emerged on Egyptian soil itself.

The Beautiful City of Chicago

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Chicago is the third largest city in the United States. It was founded in 1833, and has since become a major transportation, telecommunications, industry and infrastructure hub in North America. The city attracted 32.8 million domestic visitors and about 1.15 million foreign visitors in 2007. Chicago has many nicknames, out of which the most popular is the "Windy City" and "Chi-town". Other nicknames include "Second City", "City of Big Shoulders" and "the most American of big cities". Chicago got its name from the French rendering of the Native American word shikaakwa, which means wild onion, from the Miami-Illinois language.

After the Great Chicago Fire, the largest building boom in the history of the whole nation came about in Chicago. And of these the most exceptional event was the relocation of many of the countries most important architects from New England to this city. This was for the construction of the 1893 World Columbian Exposition.

These days Chicago's skyline is one of the worlds tallest and also most dense. Some of its historic buildings include the Chicago Board of Trade Building, the Fine Arts Building, 35 East Wacker and the Chicago Building. The Merchandise Mart was once first on the list of the largest buildings in the world and even today it has remained on the list in the twentieth position and has its own ZIP code. The four tallest building in the city are Willis Tower, Trump International Hotel and Tower, the Aon Center and the John Hancock Center.

But the city is not all about skyscrapers. It has many different types and scales of houses, townhouses, condominiums and apartment buildings. Large areas of Chicago's residential areas are bungalows that were built from the 20th century through the end of World War II. This city is also a famous center of the Polish Cathedral style of church architecture.

Chicago is famous for its nightlife and attracts many residents and tourists every year. It is also home to many upscale restaurants as well as many ethnic restaurants. You can get food different parts of the world right here, from Italian to Vietnamese and from Greek to Indian. This city's theatre community is the reason behind modern improvisational theatre. Two very famous comedy troupes emerged here namely The Second City and I.O.

Chicago is a favorite destination for tourists and a large number of them who come here for leisure are here for entertainment. If you want to visit this beautiful city, you can find information on hotels, flights and car rentals in Chicago on a number of websites. So don't hesitate and come and visit this fascinating city with its beautiful parks, architecture and lots more.

Neoclassical and Rococo Styles After Baroque Period

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Neoclassical and Rococo styles contrast to each other. Neoclassicism appeared in 1780s, following Rococo style. Neoclassicism was a reaction to fluffiness and elaboration of Rococo style. These two movements gave rise after Baroque, one of the most impressive periods in the history of art.

Rococo movement gave rise against Baroque at the end of the reign of the Sun King, Louis XIV. Baroque artists used geometrical shapes and aimed to give a dramatic and theatrical effect. It was complex and highly elaborated. Large scale designs were one of the basic features of Baroque. Scenes from Bible were used as Baroque themes. Baroque artists aimed to evoke a feeling of respect and fear and to emphasize the power of the Sun King. When the king died, the court artists moved away from formal Baroque art to a lighter and playful style, which was Rococo.

If we assume Baroque as a bottle of champagne, Rococo can be assumed as the foam on the champagne. Rococo art has some stylistic features of Baroque such as the complex forms, but the themes the Rococo artists are interested in were lighter. They did not deal with serious issues such as religious, moral or political themes. Instead, they focused on lively physical world, social life of aristocracy, personal amusement, romance and pleasure.Rococo style was characterized by asymmetry, curved lines and ornaments. Mostly, soft, pastel colors were used in Rococo style in contrast to dark colors of Baroque period. On the contrary to magnificent architecture and huge marble statues of Baroque period, Rococo style expressed itself mostly in small-scale interior designs, furniture, tapestries, porcelains and paintings. It is generally known as a decorative art style.

At the end of eighteenth century, Neoclassicism appeared as a reaction to the elaboration, lightness and bourgeoisie of Rococo style and focused on proportional and simple forms, virtual themes and Roman antiquity. Neoclassical artists cared for technical perfection, harmony and balance. Geometrical forms and columns were the main features of Neoclassical style. Sharp colors were used in contrast to pale colors of Rococo. Neoclassicism was a strong movement in literature and music as well as in architecture and visual arts.

Interest in Roman antiquity aroused with the archeological studies of the period. Discovery of antique ruins stimulated an admiration of civilization, art and glories of Greek and Roman era. The taste of art totally changed and ideal beauty of antique art was favored rather than nature itself. The neoclassical artists were inspired by noble simplicity of Greek and Roman figures. Meanwhile, it was the period of revolutionary movements and ancient Greek democracy was highly appreciated in this period. After serving to French Revolution, Neoclassicism had been the official art of the French empire when Napoleon took over power and aimed to show the magnificence of the empire with heroic figures. Neoclassical themes were based on virtues such as heroism, courage, honor, justice, devotion to duty and self-sacrifice. Neoclassicism dominated until the end of nineteenth century.

Italy's Top Ten Places to Visit in 2009

Image : http://www.flickr.com

With the new year upon us, we are excited to present our first annual list of Italy's Top Ten Places to Visit in 2009. A lot of time and feedback was put into compiling this list. We need to preface these selections by stating our aim was to find unique experiences within Italy outside of the traditional tourist spots.

#10 -Marina Grande - Located on the Northern coast of Isle of Capri, the charming port of Marina Grande begins our list of the best places in Italy to visit in 2009. This picturesque seaside village looks a lot like the villages of the Cinque Terre, but without the crowds. The town affords its guests opportunities to relax and experience all things Mediterranean. It's a great jumping off point for visiting the Isle of Capri, Naples, and Amalfi Coast.

#9 - Civita di Bagnoregio - It's proximity to Rome makes this city of 14 people very appealing for an interesting day trip getaway. Perched atop a large hill it offers great views in every directions of the surrounding valleys. Here it is easy to forget about your troubles while strolling the narrow cobblestone streets and admiring the beauty of the Middle Aged architecture.

#8 - Riomaggiore - Perhaps better known as the southern most of five villages that make up the famed Cinque Terre; Riomaggiore is a great place to set up camp while exploring the surrounding region. Riomaggiore also serves as a great place to explore the surround sea via it's local diving outfitters. If that doesn't suit you, perhaps a tour of it's many surrounding vineyards will quench your travel thirst.

#7 - Viareggio Carnival - The best carnival in Italy and renowned worldwide for it's amazing puppets, the Viareggio Carnival is a great experience for everyone, especially those traveling with children. After the daily parades and activities, treat yourself to some frittelle or chiacchiere.

#6 - Matera - What I like about Matera is it's kind of out of the way. Located deep in Southern Italy 40 miles from Bari, this UNESCO protected city is famous for it's sassi districts. Here you can find cave dwellings of some of the first human inhabitants in the Italian peninsula. It's white stone buildings perched atop the cliffside give the town a Greek feel with Southern italian charm.

#5 - Siracusa - Sticking to Southern Italy, Siracusa is a great town for calling home base while exploring Sicily. I like this town because it's not super glamorous and it can be done on a tight budget. In addition, it's fills a major gap in this list.....SUN! This former Corinthian colony is host to many ancient UNESCO sites, warm weather, and fantastic restaurants. What is it missing? Beaches. For those, will will have to venture even further south.

#4 - Pescara Jazz Festival - Usually held in July, the Pescara Jazz festival has been going strong since 1969. With past performers including Duke Ellington, Louis Armstrong, and Bob Dylan, it has solidified it's standing as Europe's most important Jazz music festival. Once you've had your fill of music and partying, take a load off at one of the many Adriatic seaside resorts.

#3 - Bolanzo - Nestled in The Dolomites, you can't help but notice the stunning views and Austrian feel and charm. This town of 100,000 people is a perfect jumping off point for outdoor enthusiasts looking for hiking and climbing opportunities with a range of difficulty levels.

#2 - The Vatican on April 12, 2009 - So what is so special about this day? It's Easter Sunday, and what better place to spend Easter than the Vatican. Listen to Pope Benedict XVI deliver mass to thousands packed outside of St. Peter's Cathedral. For tickets you should contact your local Bishop. Oh, and while you are there be sure to check out Rome - I hear it is worth seeing.

#1 - Florence - An obvious choice, but we have a soft spot in our hearts for the pleasures of Florence. Where else can you indulge in the finest Tuscan cuisine, explore the most important works of art of the Renaissance, and forget your cares while people watching over a bowl of gelato? Toping the list of Florence's culturally important sights are the Duomo, the Ponto Vecchio, and Michelangelo's David. These sights alone are reason enough to make this city a permanent fixture on this list.

Hopefully this list has helped broaden your horizons when it comes to thinking of travel destinations in Italy. Italy offers us Rome, Florence, Venice, etc. Not to minimize these cultural powerhouses, but it is important to gain a deeper appreciation for the lesser known gems of Italy.

Fun Things to Do in Washington DC

Image : http://www.flickr.com

Washington DC is one of my favorite cities to visit. I have been there about a dozen times, mostly as an adult. I mainly enjoy visiting the Mall and the Smithsonian.

The Mall is the most exciting part of DC. It is shaped like a cross, with the Washington Monument in the center, the Capital to the north, the White House to the east, the Lincoln Memorial to the south, and the Jefferson Memorial to the west. Each of these buildings is beautifully designed in the style of Ancient Greek architecture. Several newer monuments have since been added, including the Korean and Vietnam War Memorials and a large statue of Albert Einstein.

The Smithsonian has been a must-see on every visit I have made to DC in the past 20 years. It houses several excellent museums, all free to the public, including the American History Museum, the Air and Space Museum, the National Gallery of Art, the Hirschhorn Museum and the Holocaust Museum. The American History Museum is my favorite of these. Viewing this museum usually requires two days, since it's so huge. The Air and Space Museum is also excellent. This museum contains entire rockets and spaceships, including an Apollo and Skylab space capsules and a Space Shuttle. The National Gallery of Art houses a fine collection of European and early American art. The Hirschhorn Museum has a fantastic modern art collection, including several sculptures by Rodin, Degas, and others. The Holocaust Museum is also quite excellent, though very upsetting.

Experiencing the Classic Charm of Coastal New England Through a Yacht Charter

Image : http://www.flickr.com

The coast of New England is lined with several ancient harbor towns, fishing villages and towns that have continued to attract people over years through their sheer charm. Life here is simple and relaxed. New England has an ancient history, a good marine life and good food. The architecture and the landmarks here are timeless and have stood representing the place since centuries which is what makes this place really special.

A New England yacht charter can be a good option if you want to explore everything that this place has to offer. Some of the best known places and islands are very well hidden and reachable by sea which is why New England yacht charters can prove to be helpful.

To experience the real charm of New England include the locations mentioned below in your travel itinerary:

* Block Island- Block Island is a picturesque island that has everything to offer, a beautiful beach, a charming village, several hiking trails, breathtaking views and fresh sea food. Tourists can go on a nature trail, walk through the narrow streets of the charming village or just relax on the beach and soak up some sun.

* Martha's Vineyard- Martha's vineyard is the largest island in Boston and a place like no other. This is the most preferred place for a summer retreat since it has a very diverse landscape. Those who come here would feel themselves being transported to another time where the lifestyle is relaxed and everything moves at a slower pace. There are several places here to explore, nature trails, biking trails, beaches and the famous colored cliffs of Aquinnah.

* Nantucket- Nantucket is home to high end tourism since years now with affluent families spending their summer weeks here. The grand old houses with splendid architecture here have been standing here since hundreds of years. Everything from the historical buildings, ancient houses, old fashioned maze of cobbled streets here speak of history.

* Elizabeth islands- the Elizabeth islands still remain untouched by tourism which makes it a charming location to bask in the summer sun swim and snorkel in the waters. There are plenty of beach side restaurants here that serve fresh sea food and cuisine made from local produce.

* Newport- Newport is one of the most exciting and interesting places in New England. There are plenty of huge mansions here that were built in the 19th century by wealthy industrialists. Newport is also famous for its many music festivals that draw in large crowds from around the country. The old part of the town has some intricate maze of narrow streets that are perfect for a lazy stroll to check some of the old historic buildings in the location.

Art Of Ancient Greece

Image : http://www.flickr.com

The purpose of art is to lay bare the questions which have been hidden by the answers.
- James Arthur Baldwin

Art is a representation of the way humans view beauty. Some even believe that people know of beauty only because the artist shows it to them. Greece is the seat of modern human civilization. It is the place where cherished concepts like democracy came in to being. Greece has influenced human culture in a way few others have and its legacy lives on in the form or great works of writing, architecture and of course art.

Ancient Greek art developed very early and by the time Greece came to interact with other civilizations, schools of Greek art were very well established. Art in ancient Greece was usually centered on humanistic influences and usually depicted human figures or representations of the Greek Gods and Goddesses. Scholars divide ancient Greek art into three different groups whose names are the same as the periods of history to which they belong. First among them is the Archaic, which ends around 450 B.C.E. with the Persian invasion. Next in line is the Classical Greek art period, which lasted until the demise of Alexander the Great in about 323 B.C.E. The last of these is the Hellenistic period that started after the fall of Alexander's empire. These divisions are in no way conclusive; they are primarily aimed at creating a genre to which different art forms can be referred.

Painting demanded the greatest respect in ancient Greece. Unfortunately, nothing tangible of Greek painting survived in the modern ages. Paintings on the walls of tombs found in Italy and Macedonia and hand-painted pots are all that remain of this great Greek art form. A few forms of art that did survive are sculptures, coin and gem engravings and of course Greek architecture. However, even for these, only a minute fraction has made it to the hands of present generations. Most statues of marble were burnt or destroyed when Christians sought to cleanse Greece of paganism whereas those made in bronze were lost when cargo ships sank or melted when the bronze was needed. The architecture of the Greeks would inspire the greatest monuments of the world, but much of the source of this inspiration is lost forever. Four of the seven ancient wonders of the world the Statue of Zeus, the Temple of Artemis, the Colossus of Rhodes, and Alexandria's Lighthouse were Greek monuments. The earth today, bears little sign of them or their greatness.